每日雅思|盖茨关于疫苗全面应用的分析（上）

鞍山际丰留学为所有准备出国留学考雅思的同学推出“每日雅思”系列英语训练，希望同学们通过当前各种前沿的资讯和报道，来学习地道的雅思，从而提高阅读和写作的能力，为同学们的雅思学习提供助力。

Vaccines have saved more lives than any other tool in history. Smallpox, which used to kill millions of people every year, was eradicated with a vaccine. New vaccines have played a key role in reducing childhood deaths from 10 million per year in 2000 to fewer than 5 million per year today.

疫苗挽救的生命比历史上任何其他工具都多。曾经造成每年数百万人死亡的天花，已经被疫苗被根除。新开发的疫苗在减少儿童死亡人数方面发挥了关键作用，使儿童死亡人数从2000年的每年1000万减少到今天的每年不到500万。

Short of a miracle treatment, which we can’t count on, the only way to return the world to where it was before COVID-19 showed up is a highly effective vaccine that prevents the disease.

我们不能寄希望于某种还未研制出的神奇疗法。要想让世界恢复到新冠肺炎出现之前的状态，唯一的办法就是用高效的疫苗来预防这种疾病。

Unfortunately, the typical development time for a vaccine against a new disease is over five years. This is broken down into:

遗憾的是，针对一种新疾病的疫苗开发通常需要5年以上。这个流程可以被细分为：

a) making the candidate vaccine; b) testing it in animals; c) safety testing in small numbers of people (this is known as phase 1); d) safety and efficacy testing in medium numbers (phase 2);e) safety and efficacy testingin large numbers (phase 3); f) final regulatory approval and building manufacturing while registering the vaccine in every country

a) 研制候选疫苗；

b) 进行动物试验；

c) 对小规模人群进行安全试验（I期临床试验）；

d) 对中等规模人群进行安全和有效性试验（II期临床试验）；

e) 对大规模人群进行安全和有效性试验（III期临床试验）；

f) 在各国进行疫苗注册并获得通过，然后生产建设。

Researchers can save time by compressing the clinical safety/efficacy phases while conducting animal tests and building manufacturing capacity in parallel. Even so, no one knows in advance which vaccine approach will work, so a number of them need to be funded so they can advance at full speed. Many of the vaccine approaches will fail because they won’t generate a strong enough immune response to provide protection. Scientists will get a sense of this within three months of testing in humans by looking at the antibody generation. Of particular interest is whether the vaccine will protect older people, whose immune systems don’t respond as well to vaccines.

通过做临床安全及有效性试验的同时开展动物试验以及产能建设，研究人员可以从中节省一些时间。即便如此，没有人能提前知道哪种疫苗方法会有效，所以我们需要资助若干疫苗开发，以便它们都能够全速推进。许多疫苗最终都会失败，因为它们无法产生足够强大的免疫反应保护人体。通过观察抗体的产生，科学家们预计将在人体测试后的三个月内得到答案。特别值得关注的是，疫苗是否能够保护老年人，因为他们的免疫系统对疫苗的反应并不是很理想。

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